What type of systems are studied in Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics?

Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics focuses on systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, where processes are irreversible and can occur with the exchange of energy and matter with the surroundings. Irreversible and open systems are essential in this field because they exhibit time-dependent changes and gradients in properties such as temperature, pressure, and concentration. These conditions lead to phenomena like chemical reactions, heat transfer, and diffusion, which cannot be described by equilibrium thermodynamics.

Open systems are particularly relevant because they can exchange both energy and matter, allowing for a dynamic analysis of how systems evolve over time. In contrast, equilibrium thermodynamics deals with systems that are in a stable state, where no net changes occur, making it inadequate for analyzing processes that develop out of equilibrium. Therefore, the study of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics is intrinsically linked to identifying and understanding the behavior of irreversible and open systems.