Who formulated classical electromagnetic theory?

The formulation of classical electromagnetic theory is primarily attributed to James Clerk Maxwell. His work culminated in the formulation of Maxwell's equations, which describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents. These equations unify previously separate concepts in electricity and magnetism and laid the foundational framework for modern physics, influencing countless technologies and further scientific advancements.

Maxwell's equations demonstrate the behavior of electromagnetic waves, show how light is an electromagnetic wave, and illustrate the interplay between electric and magnetic fields. This unification of electromagnetic phenomena showcases Maxwell's profound impact on the field and is recognized as one of the cornerstones of classical physics. Understanding Maxwell's contributions is crucial because it sets the stage for much of what follows in the realms of physics and engineering, such as in the development of telecommunication technologies.

The other individuals listed made significant contributions to their fields—Joule in thermodynamics, Nernst in physical chemistry, and Fahrenheit in temperature measurement—but their work is not directly related to the formulation of electromagnetic theory as Maxwell’s is.